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Understanding Results

Test Indicators & Targets

Plain-language explanations of laboratory indicators: what they measure, when they are tested, and how to read results responsibly. Reference ranges vary by laboratory and method — we never provide a universal normal value or a diagnosis.

25-OH Vitamin DThe main circulating vitamin D metabolite — the standard measure of vitamin D status.Cardiac Troponin (cTnI/cTnT)Proteins released into blood when heart muscle is injured; the central laboratory marker in suspected heart attack.CMV DNAQuantitative marker of cytomegalovirus replication used in transplant and immunocompromised care.CT/NG DNAMolecular detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae nucleic acid.D-DimerA fibrin breakdown fragment — most useful for ruling out venous thromboembolism when clinical probability is low.FerritinThe body’s iron-storage protein measurable in serum — the most informative single test of iron stores.HbA1cGlycated hemoglobin — an integrated measure of average blood glucose over roughly the preceding two to three months.HBV DNAQuantitative marker of hepatitis B virus replication used in treatment decisions and monitoring.HCV RNAQualitative or quantitative marker of active hepatitis C infection.High-risk HPVGroup of HPV genotypes associated with higher risk of cervical disease.HIV-1 Viral LoadQuantitative measure of HIV-1 RNA in plasma used to stage and monitor therapy.hs-CRPHigh-sensitivity C-reactive protein — an inflammation marker also used, in context, in cardiovascular risk assessment.Influenza A/B RNAMolecular detection and typing of influenza A and B viruses.LDL CholesterolLow-density lipoprotein cholesterol — the primary lipid target in cardiovascular prevention.MTB DNADirect molecular detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in respiratory specimens.NT-proBNPA peptide released when the heart is under pressure or strain; used in the workup of heart failure.ProcalcitoninA biomarker rising markedly in systemic bacterial infection — decision support for antibiotic pathways, not a diagnosis by itself.PSAProstate-specific antigen — a prostate tissue protein whose blood level rises in prostate cancer and in common benign conditions.SARS-CoV-2 RNAMolecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory specimens.TSHThyroid-stimulating hormone — the pituitary signal that regulates the thyroid and the usual first test of thyroid function.

Keep Exploring

Published test guides

Explore the tests that use these targets, including methods, specimens, and interpretation context.

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25-OH Vitamin DThe main circulating form of vitamin D and the standard measure of vitamin D status.Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)A clotting test of the intrinsic and common pathways, used to monitor unfractionated heparin and investigate prolonged bleeding histories.Blood Gas and Electrolytes (ABG)Point-of-care measurement of oxygenation, ventilation, acid-base status, and electrolytes in critically ill patients.Cardiac Troponin I/T (cTnI, cTnT)Blood proteins released when heart muscle is injured; the primary laboratory marker in the evaluation of possible acute myocardial infarction.Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea (CT/NG) DetectionNucleic acid detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.C-Reactive Protein (CRP / hs-CRP)An acute-phase protein that rises rapidly during inflammation; used to detect and monitor infection and inflammatory disease.