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A tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits. Citric acid is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations due to its antioxidant properties. It maintains stability of active ingredients and is used as a preservative. It is also used as an acidulant to control pH and acts as an anticoagulant by chelating calcium in blood.
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Coagulation factor IX (461 aa, ~52 kDa) is encoded by the human F9 gene. This protein plays a role in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation through the mediation of proteolysis that converts factor X into an active protease.
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Coagulation factor VII (466 aa, ~52 kDa) is encoded by the human F7 gene. This protein is involved in both binding to tissue factor and the initiation of blood coagulation.
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Coagulation factor X (488 aa, ~55 kDa) is encoded by the human F10 gene. This protein is involved in proteolysis and blood coagulation.
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Coagulation factor XI (625 aa, ~70 kDa) is encoded by the human F11 gene. This protein is involved in the proteolytic activation of coagulation factor IX.
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Coagulation factor XII (615 aa, ~68 kDa) is encoded by the human F12 gene. This protein is involved in blood coagulation and fibrinolysis.
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Complement C2 (752 aa, ~83 kDa) is encoded by the human C2 gene. This protein is involved in post-translational protein processing and complement activity.
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Complement C3 (1663 aa, ~187 kDa) is encoded by the human C3 gene. This protein plays a role in complement-mediated immunity.
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This gene plays an inhibitory role in cell survival and proliferation.
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This gene plays a role in protein degradation and cell cycle arrest.
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Cystatin-C (146 aa, ~16 kDa) is encoded by the human CST3 gene. This protein is involved in the inhibition of cysteine proteinases.
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Not considered one of the 20 amino acids, Cystine is a sulfur-containing derivative obtained from oxidation of cysteine amino acid thiol side chains. It functions as an antioxidant and protects tissues against radiation and pollution, slowing the aging process. It also aids protein synthesis. Cystine is abundant in many proteins of skeletal tissues and skin, and found in insulin and digestive enzymes chromotrypsinogen A, papain, and trypsinogen. (NCI04)