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Glossary Term
Laboratory procedure in which single stranded nucleic acids are allowed to interact so that complexes, or hybrids, are formed by molecules with sufficiently similar, complementary sequences. By this means the degree of sequence identity can be assessed and specific sequences detected. (From Biology-online)
Glossary Term
A subunit of DNA or RNA consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA; adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in RNA), a phosphate molecule, and a sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA).
Glossary Term
Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) mends DNA regions that contain chemical adducts, such as UV-induced thymine dimers or carcinogenic adducts, which distort the DNA helix and interfere with replication and transcription. NER is targeted to actively transcribed regions of the genome. During NER in eukaryotes, shape irregularities are detected by protein complexes that slide along the DNA molecule and induce cuts on each side of a lesion several nucleotides away. Removal of the damaged 25-30 nucleotide fragment is followed by repair synthesis and ligation.
Glossary Term
A DNA polymer made up of a small number of nucleotides.
Glossary Term
Short DNA oligonucleotide chains used to prime DNA (and in some cases RNA) synthesis.
Glossary Term
A sequence of nucleotides in that contains no termination codons and so can potentially translate as a polypeptide chain.
Glossary Term
The concentration of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent present in a sample.
Glossary Term
How close amplification is to ideal doubling each cycle, reported as a percentage or derived from the standard curve slope. Efficiency near 90–110% with a linear standard curve supports quantification claims; it is a standard checklist item when auditing assay validation dossiers.
Glossary Term
Quantity of dimension one used to express on a scale from 0 to 14 the amount-of-substance concentration of hydrogen ion of dilute aqueous solution, calculated as the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter.
Glossary Term
The assemblage of traits or outward appearance of an individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between genes and the environment.
Glossary Term
A score reported on a logarithmic scale representing the probability that a nucleotide base was incorrectly called by the base caller.
Glossary Term
A small-scale mutation in which a single nucleotide is exchanged for another. Mutagenic chemicals and mistakes in DNA replication may result in point mutations.
