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A mineralocorticoid hormone produced by aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone binds to mineralocorticoid receptors (MR; NR3C2) and MR-aldosterone complexes regulate the expression of genes involved in the retention of sodium, the secretion of potassium, and water reabsorption, all of which may result increased blood pressure.
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A steroid hormone synthesized by the adrenal glands and the gonads from either 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone or dehydroepiandrosterone and is a precursor of testosterone.
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Appetite-regulating hormone (117 aa, ~13 kDa) is encoded by the human GHRL gene. This protein is involved in satiety, thirst and anxiety and regulating growth hormone release.
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The most potent androgen, required for sex development. Dihydrotestosterone is synthesized from testosterone in the prostate gland, testes, hair follicles and adrenal glands by 5-alpha reductase. Dihydrotestosterone exerts its action similar to testosterone, which binds to and activates specific nuclear androgen receptors. After translocation into the nucleus, the activated hormone-receptor complex binds to the androgen response elements on the DNA and activates gene expressions that are required for sex development. Dihydrotestosterone is responsible for the formation of male primary sex characteristics and most male secondary sex characteristics during puberty, such as muscular growth, facial and body hair growth, and deepening of the voice.
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The most potent form of the naturally occurring steroid sex hormone in humans, produced by ovary, placenta, testis, and in small amount by adrenal cortex. Estradiol binds to a specific intracellular estrogen receptor located in female organs, breasts, hypothalamus and pituitary. The receptor-ligand complex promotes gene expression necessary for the maintenance of fertility and secondary sexual characteristics in females. In addition, estradiol exhibits mild anabolic and metabolic properties, and increases blood coagulability. Estradiol, the principal intracellular human estrogen, is substantially more active at the cellular level than its metabolites, estrone and estriol.
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A heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone secreted by the gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland. This hormone is involved in gonadal development, growth, maturation and reproductive processes, including the regulation of spermatogenesis in males and follicular growth and ovulation in females.
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Gastrin-releasing peptide (27 aa, ~3 kDa) is encoded by the human GRP gene. This protein is involved in hormone signaling in both the gastrointestinal and nervous systems.
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A sialoglycoprotein hormone secreted by the placenta and maintains the corpus luteum at the beginning of the gestation period.
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A physiological progestin that is produced during glucocorticoid and steroid hormone synthesis and is increased during the third trimester of pregnancy. Hydroxyprogesterone binds to the cytoplasmic progesterone receptors in the reproductive system and subsequently activates progesterone receptor mediated gene expression.
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Gonadal glycoprotein hormone, Inhibin A, consists of an alpha subunit covalently linked to a beta-A subunit and strongly inhibits pituitary FSH secretion. Serum concentrations transit during the menstrual cycle. Dimers of the beta subunit (a TGF-beta superfamily member), termed activin, are potent stimulators of FSH secretion. (from OMIM 147380 and NCI)
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Inhibin B, consisting of an alpha subunit and a beta B subunit linked by disulphide bonds, is a heterodimer hormone produced by the follicle cells of the ovary and by the Sertoli and Ledig cells of testis. Although other forms of inhibin also exist in men, inhibin B is the predominant form in the circulation in men.
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One of nine essential amino acids in humans (provided by food), Leucine is important for protein synthesis and many metabolic functions. Leucine contributes to regulation of blood-sugar levels; growth and repair of muscle and bone tissue; growth hormone production; and wound healing. Leucine also prevents breakdown of muscle proteins after trauma or severe stress and may be beneficial for individuals with phenylketonuria. Leucine is available in many foods and deficiency is rare. (NCI04)
