Glossary Term
Phred Quality Score
A score reported on a logarithmic scale representing the probability that a nucleotide base was incorrectly called by the base caller.
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Glossary Term
A score reported on a logarithmic scale representing the probability that a nucleotide base was incorrectly called by the base caller.
Article
Research record from Int J Infect Dis, 2026-07-27. PMID 42508520.
Glossary Term
A small-scale mutation in which a single nucleotide is exchanged for another. Mutagenic chemicals and mistakes in DNA replication may result in point mutations.
Glossary Term
Encoded by Polymerase Genes, Polymerase enzymes catalyze polymerization reactions, especially of nucleotides to polynucleotides. (NCI)
Article
Research record from Acta Trop, 2026-06-03. PMID 42242407.
Glossary Term
A control sample that is known to produce a positive result if the test is working as expected.
Glossary Term
The enzymatic processing of a polypeptide chain after translation from messenger RNA and after peptide bond formation has occurred. Examples include glycosylation, acylation, limited proteolysis, phosphorylation, isoprenylation.
Article
Research record from BMC Infect Dis, 2026-06-30. PMID 42380877.
Glossary Term
Chemicals that are added to drug products to prolong shelf life and maintain sterility. Protection of formulations, especially aqueous solutions, against microbial growth requires use of either antibacterial or antifungal preservatives. Generally, such agents are active against either bacteria or fungi but a few are active against both. The antimicrobials include but not limited to chlorobutanol, benzyl alcohol, sodium benzoate, sorbic acid, and phenol. The antioxidizing agents include butylated hydroxytoluene, hydroxyanisole, propyl gallate, and sulfites. The necessary addition of preservatives for both safety and economy sometimes has been associated with significant adverse effects in certain patient populations.
Glossary Term
General term for a piece of DNA or RNA corresponding to a gene or sequence of interest, that has been labelled either radioactively or with some other detectable molecule, such as biotin, digoxygenin or fluorescein. As stretches of DNA or RNA with complementary sequences will hybridize, a probe will label viral plaques, bacterial colonies or bands on a gel that contain the gene of interest.
Article
Research record from Transplant Cell Ther, 2026-03-30. PMID 41921914.
Glossary Term
A DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.