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Indicators
The second most abundant immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass in the circulation of healthy individuals. The IgG2 core hinge sequence contains 12 amino acids and up to four interchain disulfide bonds. This subtype has low affinity for binding both Fc receptors and complement component C1q. The production of this IgG2 is stimulated by exposure to bacterial capsular polysaccharides and other antigenic glycans.
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Along with the immunoglobulin G4 subclass (IgG4), the IgG3 subtype makes up a minor part of circulating antibodies in healthy individuals. The core hinge sequence contains approximately four times the number of amino acids as the other subclasses; allotypes of IgG3 can have up to 62 hinge residues and up to four interchain disulfide bonds. The increased hinge size for IgG3 increases the separation between the Fc (constant fragment) tail and Fab (antigen binding fragment) arms of antibodies of this subclass. This enhances the relative flexibility of the molecule, which may modulate antigen-binding capacity and immune complex formation, and may increase the affinity for binding to both Fc receptors and complement component C1q.
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Along with the immunoglobulin G3 subclass (IgG3), the IgG4 subtype makes up a minor part of circulating antibodies in healthy individuals. The IgG4 core hinge sequence contains 12 amino acids and two interchain disulfide bonds.This subtype has moderate affinity for binding Fc receptors and does not bind complement component C1q. The production of IgG4 can be stimulated following repeated or long-term exposure to antigen. Elevated levels are found in various diseases and infections and can be indicative of an fibroinflammatory syndrome known as IgG4-related disease.
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The major immunoglobulin secreted during a primary immune response. IgM binds with low affinity but high avidity (multiple binding sites) because it not only occurs as monomers but also as pentamers and hexamers.
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Insulin (51 aa, ~6 kDa) is encoded by the human INS gene. This protein is involved in the direct regulation of glucose metabolism.
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Insulin-like growth factor I (195 aa, ~22 kDa) is encoded by the human IGF1 gene. This protein may be involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism.
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Interferon gamma (166 aa, ~19 kDa) is encoded by the human IFNG gene. This protein is involved in antiviral activity, macrophage activation, antiproliferative activity and immunopotentiation.
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Interleukin-1 beta (269 aa, ~31 kDa) is encoded by the human IL1B gene. This protein is involved in the macrophage-dependent inflammatory response.
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Interleukin-10 (178 aa, ~21 kDa) is encoded by the human IL10 gene. This protein plays a role in the negative regulation of cytokine expression.
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Interleukin-18 (193 aa, ~22 kDa) is encoded by the human IL18 gene. This protein is involved in the regulation of both natural killer cell activity and the production of interferon gamma.
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Interleukin-2 (153 aa, ~18 kDa) is encoded by the human IL2 gene. This protein is involved in T-cell proliferation, leukocyte stimulation and immune responses.
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Interleukin-4 (153 aa, ~17 kDa) is encoded by the human IL4 gene. This protein is involved in the regulation of the expression of class II MHC molecules, Fc receptors and cell surface-bound immunoglobulins.
