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Glossary Term
General term for a piece of DNA or RNA corresponding to a gene or sequence of interest, that has been labelled either radioactively or with some other detectable molecule, such as biotin, digoxygenin or fluorescein. As stretches of DNA or RNA with complementary sequences will hybridize, a probe will label viral plaques, bacterial colonies or bands on a gel that contain the gene of interest.
Glossary Term
A volatile liquid prepared by fermentation of certain carbohydrates. Alcohol acts as a central nervous system (CNS) depressant, a diuretic, and a disinfectant. Although the exact mechanism of CNS depression is unknown, alcohol may act by inhibiting the opening of calcium channels, mediated by the binding of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) to GABA-A receptors, or through inhibitory actions at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors. Alcohol inhibits the production of antidiuretic hormone, thereby producing diuresis that may lead to dehydration. This agent kills organisms by denaturing their proteins.
Glossary Term
Mutually exclusive alternative forms of the same gene occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, differing in nucleotide sequence and governing the same biochemical and developmental process.
Glossary Term
Alternate Splicing is a process in which multiple protein isoforms or products are generated from a single gene as a result of splicing together different nonconsecutive exons during the processing of initially identical nascent transcripts of a gene into mature mRNA transcripts. An exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form the mRNA and generate related proteins, often in a tissue or developmental stage specific manner.
Glossary Term
A type of protein made by B lymphocytes in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody only binds to a specific antigen, helping to destroy the antigen directly or by assisting white blood cells to destroy the antigen.
Glossary Term
Any substance, generally a protein, that stimulates the immune system and elicits an immune response. Recognition by the immune system elicits either a T-lymphocyte response, recognizing processed antigens, or a B-lymphocyte response, producing antibodies that bind to unprocessed antigens.
Glossary Term
A sequential p-value procedure that controls expected false discovery rate.
Glossary Term
Any deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to such deviation.
Glossary Term
A family of discrete probability density functions, which models systems that meet the following requirements: 1) the number of trials (n) is fixed; 2) there are only two outcomes for each trial, success or failure; 3) the outcome of each trial is independent; and 4) all trials have the same probability (p) of success. Binomial distributions show the likelihood of the number of successful trials versus the total number of trials.
Glossary Term
A storage facility of biospecimens that includes tissue samples, fluids, and molecular derivatives such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. The biorepository has stringent guidelines regarding the standardized collection, handling, storage, and documentation of biological specimens.
Glossary Term
A process where a rotating machine exposes a specimen to centrifugal force. This process can be used to remove moisture from a specimen, to subject an organism to increased gravitational forces, or to separate the components of heterogeneous mixtures based on density differences.
Glossary Term
The process by which a person demonstrates specific knowledge, skills, or abilities in the view of a certifying body. Similarly, the process by which a product or process can achieve certification indicating its suitability for a specific purpose.
