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Technology
Hematoxylin-and-eosin, or H&E, is a routine staining procedure of tissue sections. This staining method uses two separate dyes, one staining the nucleus and the other staining the cytoplasm and connective tissue. Hematoxylin is a dark purplish dye that stains the chromatin (nuclear material) within the nucleus. Eosin is an orangish-pink to red dye that stains the cytoplasmic material including connective tissue and collagen.
Technology
A method for the detection of proteins or antigens on samples of cells that are grown in monolayers or in suspension and deposited on slides using antibodies or other biomolecules that bind the target and can be visualized through a chemical process.
Technology
An enhancement of immunoelectrophoresis in which a series of post-electrophoretic gel slabs are layered with cellulose-acetate gels saturated with specific antibodies. The resulting antigen-antibody complexes fixed on the second gel may then be stained, allowing sensitive and specific qualitative visual identification of paraproteins by electrophoretic position. It can be used to identify specific proteins in the blood or urine. It has greatest application in the identification and monitoring of monoclonal proteins that are produced in conditions like Waldenstom's macroglobulinaemia and multiple myeloma.
Technology
Immunohistochemical staining techniques allow for the visualization of antigens via the sequential application of a specific antibody to the antigen (primary antibody), a secondary antibody to the primary antibody and an enzyme complex with a chromogenic substrate. The enzymatic activation of the chromogen results in a visible reaction product at the antigen site. The specimen may then be counterstained and coverslipped. Results are interpreted using a light microscope and aid in the differential diagnosis of pathophysiological processes, which may or may not be associated with a particular antigen.
Technology
An immunological procedure in which antibodies are coupled with a peroxidase molecule. Following localization via the antibody, the peroxidase is reacted with a corresponding substrate to produce a product which can be seen with a light microscope.
Technology
An analysis of DNA or protein to detect the presence and/or location of methyl groups.
Technology
Analysis using microarray technology (e.g., cDNA arrays to see gene expression or protein microarrays to profile the pattern of proteins).
Technology
A laboratory procedure to detect microsatellite instability.
Technology
A common molecular biology procedure for detection of RNA molecules. RNA extracted from a sample was denatured and separated by slab gel electrophoresis, then blotted on to a nitrocellulose or nylon sheet and hybridized with labeled DNA or RNA that is complementary to the desired RNA, whose presence is subsequently indicated by autoradiography or other visualization techniques.
Technology
Analytical and separative procedures in which molecules, particularly proteins or nucleic acids, are separated by their different electrophoretic mobilities in a hydrated gel. The gel suppresses convective mixing of the fluid phase through which the electrophoresis takes place and contributes molecular sieving. For proteins, commonly carried out in the presence of the anionic detergent sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS). SDS denatures proteins so that noncovalently associating sub unit polypeptides migrate independently and by binding to the proteins confers a net negative charge roughly proportional to the chain weight.
Technology
Separation of protein fractions by precipitation, chromatography, or other methods.
Technology
The process of determining the sequence of amino acids within a protein molecule.
