Indicators
Acid Phosphatase
A family of phosphatases that add monophosphates to substrates. The optimal pH for activity of these enzymes is below 7.
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Indicators
A family of phosphatases that add monophosphates to substrates. The optimal pH for activity of these enzymes is below 7.
Indicators
A family of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes involved in cellular nitrogen metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and liver gluconeogenesis. Alanine aminotransferase specifically and reversibly catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from L-alanine to alpha-ketoglutarate forming pyruvate and L-glutamate.
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An enzyme that catalyses the cleavage of inorganic phosphate non-specifically from a wide variety of phosphate esters and having a high (greater than 8) pH optimum.
Indicators
A family of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism and in the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles. Aspartate aminotransferase specifically and reversibly catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from L-aspartate to alpha-ketoglutarate forming oxaloacetate and L-glutamate.
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An isoform of alkaline phosphatase found on the surface of osteoblasts. The level of this enzyme in a patient's serum is proportional to the amount of bone formation. This marker is used for monitoring the efficacy of both bone formation therapies and antiresorptive therapies.
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Calcitonin (32 aa, ~3 kDa) is encoded by the human CALCA gene. This protein is involved in the modulation of blood calcium and phosphate concentrations through promoting incorporation of these ions into bone.
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Fibroblast growth factor 23 (251 aa, ~28 kDa) is encoded by the human FGF23 gene. This protein is involved in inhibition of renal tubular phosphate transport.
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A water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B family, which occurs in many animal and plant tissues, with antihyperlipidemic activity. Niacin is converted to its active form niacinamide, which is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its phosphate form, NADP. These coenzymes play an important role in tissue respiration and in glycogen, lipid, amino acid, protein, and purine metabolism. Although the exact mechanism of action by which niacin lowers cholesterol is not fully understood, it may act by inhibiting the synthesis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), inhibiting the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, increasing lipoprotein lipase activity, and reducing the hepatic synthesis of VLDL-C and LDL-C.
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Parathyroid hormone (115 aa, ~13 kDa) is encoded by the human PTH gene. This protein is involved in the modulation of calcium ion and phosphate concentration in the blood.
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This gene plays a role in signal transduction and apoptosis. It is also involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression.
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This gene plays a role in the regulation of cell signaling. It is involved in cell migration, metabolic control, mitogenic activation and gene transcription.
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A macrolide isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Tacrolimus binds to the FKBP-12 protein and forms a complex with calcium-dependent proteins, thereby inhibiting calcineurin phosphatase activity and resulting in decreased cytokine production. This agent exhibits potent immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. Tacrolimus possesses similar immunosuppressive properties to cyclosporine, but is more potent.