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A simple sugar monosaccharide having two isoforms, alpha and beta, with a chemical structure of C6H12O6 that acts as an energy source for both plants and animals by reacting with oxygen, generating carbon dioxide and water, and releasing energy.
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Adiponectin (244 aa, ~26 kDa) is encoded by the human ADIPOQ gene. This protein is involved in the modulation of both glucose metabolism and lipid homeostasis.
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This gene is involved in signal transduction and negative regulation of apoptosis. It also plays a role in glucose transport, glycogen synthesis, protein synthesis and neuronal survival.
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This gene plays a role in glucose homeostasis and the inhibition of apoptosis.
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Glycated hemoglobin — an integrated measure of average blood glucose over roughly the preceding two to three months.
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Insulin (51 aa, ~6 kDa) is encoded by the human INS gene. This protein is involved in the direct regulation of glucose metabolism.
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Insulin-like growth factor I (195 aa, ~22 kDa) is encoded by the human IGF1 gene. This protein may be involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism.
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This gene plays a role in cell cycle regulation. It is also putatively involved in glucose production.
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A heat-labile and water-soluble essential vitamin, belonging to the vitamin B family, with antioxidant, erythropoietic, mood modulating, and glucose-regulating activities. Thiamine reacts with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form an active coenzyme, thiamine pyrophosphate. Thiamine pyrophosphate is necessary for the actions of pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate in carbohydrate metabolism and for the actions of transketolase, an enzyme that plays an important role in the pentose phosphate pathway. Thiamine plays a key role in intracellular glucose metabolism and may inhibit the action of glucose and insulin on arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Thiamine may also protect against lead toxicity by inhibiting lead-induced lipid peroxidation.
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A group of water-soluble vitamins essential for metabolism and normal physiological functions. B6 vitamins, including pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine, are converted in vivo to pyridoxal phosphate, a cofactor necessary for the synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, and sphingolipids. More than 100 enzymes involved in protein metabolism require vitamin B6 as a cofactor. Vitamin B6 is essential to red blood cell, nervous system, and immune systems functions and helps maintain normal blood glucose levels. Vitamin B6 is found in a wide variety of foods including cereals, beans, meat, poultry, fish, and some fruits and vegetables. (NCI04)
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A family of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes involved in cellular nitrogen metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and liver gluconeogenesis. Alanine aminotransferase specifically and reversibly catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from L-alanine to alpha-ketoglutarate forming pyruvate and L-glutamate.
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Glucagon (29 aa, ~3 kDa) is encoded by the human GCG gene. This protein plays a role in the regulation of blood sugar levels through the stimulation of hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
