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The orally bioavailable alpha form of the naturally-occurring fat-soluble vitamin E, with potent antioxidant and cytoprotective activities. Upon administration, alpha-tocopherol neutralizes free radicals, thereby protecting tissues and organs from oxidative damage. Alpha-tocopherol gets incorporated into biological membranes, prevents protein oxidation and inhibits lipid peroxidation, thereby maintaining cell membrane integrity and protecting the cell against damage. In addition, alpha-tocopherol inhibits the activity of protein kinase C (PKC) and PKC-mediated pathways. Alpha-tocopherol also modulates the expression of various genes, plays a key role in neurological function, inhibits platelet aggregation and enhances vasodilation. Compared with other forms of tocopherol, alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form and is the form that is preferentially absorbed and retained in the body.
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This gene plays a role in DNA unwinding and recombination-mediated telomere lengthening.
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Coagulation factor IX (461 aa, ~52 kDa) is encoded by the human F9 gene. This protein plays a role in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation through the mediation of proteolysis that converts factor X into an active protease.
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Complement C3 (1663 aa, ~187 kDa) is encoded by the human C3 gene. This protein plays a role in complement-mediated immunity.
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Complement C5 (1676 aa, ~188 kDa) is encoded by the human C5 gene. This protein is involved in complement-mediated immunity.
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Complement component C6 (934 aa, ~105 kDa) is encoded by the human C6 gene. This protein is involved in complement-mediated host defense responses.
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Complement component C9 (559 aa, ~63 kDa) is encoded by the human C9 gene. This protein plays a role in complement-mediated bacterial cell lysis.
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Complement component-4 (1744 aa, ~193 kDa) is part of the complement cascade, which mediates the innate immune response to infection. The full length protein is a precursor that is secreted as a trimeric molecule containing an alpha, beta and gamma chain. When the complement cascade is initiated, the protein is cleaved. This proteolysis releases both the alpha chain, C4 anaphylatoxin, which stimulates inflammation, and a dimer of the beta and gamma chains, which mediates the interaction between the antigen-antibody complex and other complement components.
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This gene is involved in the mediation of viral entry into cells and cellular migration and chemotaxis.
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This gene may be involved in the mediation of DNA repair.
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This gene is involved in the mediation of protein ubiquitination.
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Galectin-3 (250 aa, ~26 kDa) is encoded by the human LGALS3 gene. This protein plays a role in both antibody-mediated immunity and carbohydrate binding.
