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Glossary Term
The area between the x-axis and the curve given by the integrand. It is equal to the definite integral of a function. In the field of pharmacokinetics, the area under the curve (AUC) is the area under the curve in a plot of concentration of a drug in plasma against time. AUC is usually given for the time interval zero to infinity, and other time intervals are indicated.
Glossary Term
A family of discrete probability density functions, which models systems that meet the following requirements: 1) the number of trials (n) is fixed; 2) there are only two outcomes for each trial, success or failure; 3) the outcome of each trial is independent; and 4) all trials have the same probability (p) of success. Binomial distributions show the likelihood of the number of successful trials versus the total number of trials.
Glossary Term
A structure found in cells that is comprised of a strand of linearized double-stranded DNA plus proteins that package the DNA in a condensed coil form and regulate chromosomal function.
Glossary Term
Typically involves transcription of genetically encoded information into an intermediary message (messenger RNA) and subsequent translation into a functional protein.
Glossary Term
Any hybrid gene formed from two previously separate genes. Such fusions occur as a result of translocation, intersititial deletion or chromosomal inversion, and often result in gene products with functions different from the two fusion partners. Gene fusions are associated frequently with hematological cancers, sarcomas and prostate cancer.
Glossary Term
A genetic variation where gain, loss, or exchange of DNA results in monoallelic loss of function mutations in a diploid cell. In the context of tumor suppressor genes, where a single copy is sufficient for functionality, loss of function for the second allele is associated with tumorigenesis.
Glossary Term
The mismatch repair (MMR) system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination. This function is critically dependent on the assembly of multimeric complexes involved in mismatch recognition and signal transduction to downstream repair events.
Glossary Term
A family of probability density functions whose mean, median and mode are identical. The function generates a symmetrical curve, whose position and shape is determined by its location and scale parameters, the mean and standard deviation respectively. The standard normal distribution has a location parameter of 0 and a scale parameter of 1.
Glossary Term
A distribution function used to describe the occurrence of rare events or to describe the sampling distribution of isolated counts in a continuum of time or space. This special probability distribution can apply to the number of discrete independent random events occurring in a given interval when knowing their average rate of occurrence over a very long interval.
Glossary Term
Nonfunctional DNA sequences that are very similar to the sequences of known genes. Many seem to have arisen as functional gene duplications that subsequently underwent mutation and loss of function. Others are structurally similar to mRNA and seem to have arisen by a reverse transcription event followed by integration into the genome. Some pseudogenes are transcribed and may play a role in regulation of its homologous gene.
Glossary Term
Ubiquitin is a family of widely distributed proteins found in all eukaryotes that contain a highly conserved sequence of 76 amino acids identical in organisms from humans to insects. It participates in diverse cellular functions by conjugation to other proteins through its carboxy terminus. Ubiquitination is associated with many highly regulated biological events including protein degradation, chromatin remodelling, heat shock, cell cycle progression, differentiation, antigen presentation, retrovirus assembly, apoptosis, signal transduction, transcriptional activation, biological clocks, receptor down regulation, and endocytosis. Protein ubiquitination regulates the half-lives of many proteins by targeting them for degradation. Newly discovered families of ubiquitination and deubiquitination enzymes participate in these processes. Ubiquitination enzymes may provide new therapeutic targets and ways of intervention in many human diseases.
Glossary Term
The product of so-called RNA genes; a functional RNA represents the final product of a gene rather than a transient molecule that will be translated into protein.
