Glossary Term
Codon
A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid.
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Glossary Term
A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid.
Glossary Term
A sequence of nucleotides in that contains no termination codons and so can potentially translate as a polypeptide chain.
Glossary Term
One of the three possible ways of reading a nucleotide sequence. As the genetic code is read in nonoverlapping triplets (codons) there are three possible ways of translating a sequence of nucleotides into a protein, each with a different starting point.
Glossary Term
A 50-150bp DNA sequence that increases the rate of transcription of coding sequences. It may be located at various distances and in either orientation upstream from, downstream from or within a structural gene. When bound by a specific transcription factor it increases the levels of expression of the gene, but is not sufficient alone to cause expression. Distinguished from a promoter, that is alone sufficient to cause expression of the gene when bound.
Glossary Term
A mutation occurring within the protein-coding region of a gene which results in a shift in the reading frame of the encoded protein. Frameshift mutations often result in the premature truncation of a gene product.
Glossary Term
Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA.
Glossary Term
A molecule of RNA 200-17000 nucleotides in length that is transcribed by non-protein coding areas of DNA. These ribonucleotides may play a role in a variety of biological processes.
Glossary Term
A class of RNA molecule containing protein-coding information in its nucleotide sequence that can be translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein.
Glossary Term
A point mutation occurring within the protein-coding region of a gene, and which codes for a different amino acid than expected.
Glossary Term
A point mutation occurring within the protein-coding region of a gene, and which codes for a stop that can truncate the protein.
Glossary Term
General term for a piece of DNA or RNA corresponding to a gene or sequence of interest, that has been labelled either radioactively or with some other detectable molecule, such as biotin, digoxygenin or fluorescein. As stretches of DNA or RNA with complementary sequences will hybridize, a probe will label viral plaques, bacterial colonies or bands on a gel that contain the gene of interest.
Glossary Term
An RNA molecule that does not contain protein-coding sequence information and constitutes the majority of the cellular RNA (~80%). This nucleic acid associates with multiple proteins to form ribosomes, which are the organelles that drive mRNA-directed protein synthesis.