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Glossary Term

Transfer RNA

A class of short adaptor RNAs that transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. Each transfer RNA comprises a three-nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the triplet nucleotide coding sequence of an mRNA, conferring specificity to the amino acid being incorporated into the assembling protein.

Pcr Terms

Technology

Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

A process to measure the proximity of two fluorochromes whereby the excitation energy of one fluorochrome is released and absorbed by the second fluorochrome. It is used to study interactions and structure of macromolecules. (NCI)

Diagnostic Methods

Article

A novel approach to non-invasive lung cancer screening via exhaled breath analysis using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Research record from J Breath Res, 2026-08-19. PMID 42497886.

Article

Advances in proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry-assisted breath analysis for disease diagnosis.

Research record from J Breath Res, 2026-08-04. PMID 42263738.

Indicators

Alanine Aminotransferase

A family of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes involved in cellular nitrogen metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and liver gluconeogenesis. Alanine aminotransferase specifically and reversibly catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from L-alanine to alpha-ketoglutarate forming pyruvate and L-glutamate.

Indicators

Aspartate Aminotransferase

A family of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism and in the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles. Aspartate aminotransferase specifically and reversibly catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from L-aspartate to alpha-ketoglutarate forming oxaloacetate and L-glutamate.

Article

Electron transfer-driven ultrathin nanozyme synergizes with nucleic acid amplification for bladder cancer screening.

Research record from Biosens Bioelectron, 2026-03-02. PMID 41795444.

Indicators

Folic Acid

A collective term for pteroylglutamic acids and their oligoglutamic acid conjugates. As a natural water-soluble substance, folic acid is involved in carbon transfer reactions of amino acid metabolism, in addition to purine and pyrimidine synthesis, and is essential for hematopoiesis and red blood cell production. (NCI05)

Indicators

Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase

GGT participates in the transfer of amino acids across the cellular membrane and in glutathione metabolism. High concentrations are found in the liver, bile ducts, and the kidney. A test that measures the amount of GGT in the blood is used to detect diseases of the liver, bile ducts, and kidney; and to differentiate liver or bile duct (hepatobiliary) disorders from bone disease.

Article

Rapid and Accurate Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections via Profiling of Metabolic Volatile Organic Compounds Using Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry.

Research record from Anal Chem, 2026-05-18. PMID 42148847.

Article

Screening and diagnosis of combustion smoking with exhaled breath analysis via proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Research record from BMC Pulm Med, 2026-05-20. PMID 42163203.

Article

Soft ionization by chemical reaction in transfer-high-resolution mass spectrometry for clinical exhaled breath profiling.

Research record from Anal Bioanal Chem, 2026-03-15. PMID 41832327.

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