Glossary Term
Deoxyribonucleotide Triphosphate
A nucleotide comprised of either a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base bound to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with three phosphate groups. These molecules are essential for DNA synthesis.
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Glossary Term
A nucleotide comprised of either a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base bound to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with three phosphate groups. These molecules are essential for DNA synthesis.
Glossary Term
Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) mends DNA regions that contain chemical adducts, such as UV-induced thymine dimers or carcinogenic adducts, which distort the DNA helix and interfere with replication and transcription. NER is targeted to actively transcribed regions of the genome. During NER in eukaryotes, shape irregularities are detected by protein complexes that slide along the DNA molecule and induce cuts on each side of a lesion several nucleotides away. Removal of the damaged 25-30 nucleotide fragment is followed by repair synthesis and ligation.
Glossary Term
Short DNA oligonucleotide chains used to prime DNA (and in some cases RNA) synthesis.
Glossary Term
Any natural or synthetic substance used in a chemical or biological reaction in order to produce, identify, or measure another substance.
Glossary Term
Single-stranded long chain of nucleotides containing ribose. It is the end product of DNA transcription by the enzyme RNA polymerase. It is essential in protein synthesis.
Glossary Term
An RNA molecule that does not contain protein-coding sequence information and constitutes the majority of the cellular RNA (~80%). This nucleic acid associates with multiple proteins to form ribosomes, which are the organelles that drive mRNA-directed protein synthesis.
Glossary Term
A class of short adaptor RNAs that transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. Each transfer RNA comprises a three-nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the triplet nucleotide coding sequence of an mRNA, conferring specificity to the amino acid being incorporated into the assembling protein.