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The least plentiful of all 22 amino acids and an essential amino acid in humans (provided by food), Tryptophan is found in most proteins and a precursor of serotonin. Tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5-HTP), converted in turn to serotonin, a neurotransmitter essential in regulating appetite, sleep, mood, and pain. Tryptophan is a natural sedative and present in dairy products, meats, brown rice, fish, and soybeans. (NCI04)
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This gene is involved in cell cycle regulation and the loss of cellular adhesion.
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone — the pituitary signal that regulates the thyroid and the usual first test of thyroid function.
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Tumor necrosis factor (233 aa, ~26 kDa) is encoded by the human TNF gene. This protein is involved in the induction of cytokine expression, the stimulation of cell proliferation and the positive regulation of cell differentiation.
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Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B (401 aa, ~46 kDa) is encoded by the human TNFRSF11B gene. This protein plays a role in the negative regulation of both osteoblast differentiation and bone resorption.
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This gene is involved in the splicing of mRNA.
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Vascular endothelial growth factor A (232 aa, ~27 kDa) is encoded by the human VEGFA gene. This protein plays a role in both cell proliferation and angiogenesis.
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The term "vitamin K" refers to a group of chemically similar fat-soluble compounds called naphthoquinones: vitamin K1 (phytonadione) is found in plants and is the primary source of vitamin K for humans through dietary consumption, vitamin K2 compounds (menaquinones) are made by bacteria in the human gut, and vitamin K3 (menadione) is a water-soluble preparation available for adults only. Vitamin K is necessary for the liver to produce the coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as the clotting factors protein C, protein S, and protein Z; vitamin K deficiency can result in deficiencies of these coagulation factors and excess bleeding. An injection of vitamin K is routinely given to newborn infants to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding, also known as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Vitamin K deficiency is rare in adults but may result from chronic malnutrition or an inability to absorb dietary vitamins.
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von Willebrand factor (2813 aa, ~309 kDa) is encoded by the human VWF gene. This protein is involved in platelet adhesion and blood coagulation.
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WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 2 (124 aa, ~13 kDa) is encoded by the human WFDC2 gene. This protein may play a role in both proteinase inhibition and spermatogenesis.
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This gene plays a role in regulation of transcription. It is involved in the control of both cell differentiation and proliferation.
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This gene plays a role in the regulation of nuclear export.
