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The most potent form of the naturally occurring steroid sex hormone in humans, produced by ovary, placenta, testis, and in small amount by adrenal cortex. Estradiol binds to a specific intracellular estrogen receptor located in female organs, breasts, hypothalamus and pituitary. The receptor-ligand complex promotes gene expression necessary for the maintenance of fertility and secondary sexual characteristics in females. In addition, estradiol exhibits mild anabolic and metabolic properties, and increases blood coagulability. Estradiol, the principal intracellular human estrogen, is substantially more active at the cellular level than its metabolites, estrone and estriol.

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Evaluating Cell-Free DNA Quantification and Integrity in Breast Cancer Using Fluorometric, Electrophoretic and PCR-Based Platforms.

Research record from Methods Protoc, 2026-08-24. PMID 42776677.

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Evaluation of HER2 status and characteristics by next-generation sequencing in breast cancer.

Research record from Front Mol Biosci, 2026-06-23. PMID 42416488.

Tests

HIV Viral Load

An HIV viral load test measures the amount of HIV in a sample of your blood. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. The test looks for genetic material from the virus in your blood. These tests are called molecular tests or nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT or NAT). There are several types of NAAT tests. A PCR test is one type of NAAT that may be used to find HIV.

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Identification of NETs and inflammation-related prognostic genes in breast cancer and PCR experimental validation.

Research record from Front Genet, 2026-08-21. PMID 42695096.

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Identification of Somatic and Germline Mutations Influencing Treatment Outcomes and Disease Susceptibility in Tunisian Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Using Next-Generation Sequencing.

Research record from Br J Biomed Sci, 2026-04-22. PMID 42099507.

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