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CA 19-9 is a fucosylated glycosphingolipid carbohydrate antigen that is soluble and is adsorbed to erythrocytes and to many adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract, especially pancreatic tumors. By structure CA 19-9 is related to the Lewis blood group antigens.
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Erythropoietin (193 aa, ~21 kDa) is encoded by the human EPO gene. This protein plays a role in both erythropoiesis and the maintenance of red blood cell volume.
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The red respiratory protein of erythrocytes, consisting of approximately 3.8% heme and 96.2% globin (64.5 KD), which as oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues where the oxygen is readily released and HbO2 becomes Hb.
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Immature erythrocytes that have just undergone extrusion of their cell nucleus. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature.
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An essential human nutrient that is a heat-stable and water-soluble flavin belonging to the vitamin B family. Riboflavin is a precursor of the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These coenzymes are of vital importance in normal tissue respiration, pyridoxine activation, tryptophan to niacin conversion, fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, and glutathione reductase mediated detoxification. Riboflavin may also be involved in maintaining erythrocyte integrity. This vitamin is essential for healthy skin, nails, and hair.