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Tumor-associated oncofetal glycoprotein 72 (TAG-72) is a high molecular weight (220-400 kD) complex expressed by a wide variety of human adenocarcinomas. This antigen is expressed by a majority of invasive ductal breast carcinomas, and most colon, pancreatic, gastric, esophageal, lung (non-small cell), ovarian and endometrial adenocarcinomas, and on normal secretory endometrium, but not on other normal tissues. It is not expressed by leukemias, lymphomas, sarcomas, mesotheliomas, melanomas or benign tumors. The monoclonal antibodies against TAG-72 have been widely employed for the immunohistochemical analysis of adenocarcinomas as well as for radioimmunoscintigraphy and radioimmunoguided surgery.
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This gene is involved in cell cycle regulation and telomere maintenance.
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This gene is involved in transcriptional regulation and cell cycle progression regulation.
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A heat-labile and water-soluble essential vitamin, belonging to the vitamin B family, with antioxidant, erythropoietic, mood modulating, and glucose-regulating activities. Thiamine reacts with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form an active coenzyme, thiamine pyrophosphate. Thiamine pyrophosphate is necessary for the actions of pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate in carbohydrate metabolism and for the actions of transketolase, an enzyme that plays an important role in the pentose phosphate pathway. Thiamine plays a key role in intracellular glucose metabolism and may inhibit the action of glucose and insulin on arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Thiamine may also protect against lead toxicity by inhibiting lead-induced lipid peroxidation.
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An aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from Streptomyces tenebrarius with bacteriostatic activity. Following active transport into the cell, tobramycin binds irreversibly to a specific aminoglycoside receptor on the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and interferes with the initiation complex between messenger RNA and the 30S subunit, thereby inhibiting initiation of protein synthesis, consequently leading to bacterial cell death. In addition, tobramycin induces misreading of the mRNA template causing incorrect amino acids to be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain, consequently interfering with protein elongation.
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This gene plays a critical role in cell cycle regulation and has tumor suppressor activity.
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Transforming growth factor beta-1 (390 aa, ~44 kDa) is encoded by the human TGFB1 gene. This protein is involved in cell proliferation, cell death and a large number of signal transduction pathways.
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Troponin I, troponin T, and troponin C are the three closely associated subunits of the troponin complex of thin filaments in muscle. The complex serves as a calcium-sensitive switch that regulates muscle contraction. Troponin T binds tropomyosin to the troponin complex and inhibits F-actin-myosin interactions. The troponin T gene family comprises three isoforms: slow skeletal (TNNT1), cardiac (TNNT2) and fast skeletal (TNNT3). Because it is not normally found in blood, cardiac troponin-T in serum is a sensitive indicator of myocardial cell injury.
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This gene is involved in cell cycle regulation and the loss of cellular adhesion.
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This gene plays a role in signal transduction and cell cycle control. It is involved in cell adhesion, differentiation, growth and migration.
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Tumor necrosis factor (233 aa, ~26 kDa) is encoded by the human TNF gene. This protein is involved in the induction of cytokine expression, the stimulation of cell proliferation and the positive regulation of cell differentiation.
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A branched tricyclic glycosylated peptide with bactericidal activity against most organisms and bacteriostatic effect on enterococci. At a site different from that of penicillins and cephalosporins, vancomycin binds tightly to the D-alanyl-D-alanine portion of cell wall precursors, thereby interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis. This leads to activation of bacterial autolysins that destroy the cell wall by lysis. Vancomycin may also alter the permeability of bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and may selectively inhibit RNA synthesis.
