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A heat-labile and water-soluble essential vitamin, belonging to the vitamin B family, with antioxidant, erythropoietic, mood modulating, and glucose-regulating activities. Thiamine reacts with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form an active coenzyme, thiamine pyrophosphate. Thiamine pyrophosphate is necessary for the actions of pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate in carbohydrate metabolism and for the actions of transketolase, an enzyme that plays an important role in the pentose phosphate pathway. Thiamine plays a key role in intracellular glucose metabolism and may inhibit the action of glucose and insulin on arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Thiamine may also protect against lead toxicity by inhibiting lead-induced lipid peroxidation.

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Tobramycin

An aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from Streptomyces tenebrarius with bacteriostatic activity. Following active transport into the cell, tobramycin binds irreversibly to a specific aminoglycoside receptor on the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and interferes with the initiation complex between messenger RNA and the 30S subunit, thereby inhibiting initiation of protein synthesis, consequently leading to bacterial cell death. In addition, tobramycin induces misreading of the mRNA template causing incorrect amino acids to be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain, consequently interfering with protein elongation.

Article

Toward a Robust Cell-free DNA Isolation Protocol for Next-Generation Sequencing Applications in a Clinical Molecular Diagnostics Setting.

Research record from J Mol Diagn, 2026-09-11. PMID 42727688.

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TP53 Gene

This gene plays a critical role in cell cycle regulation and has tumor suppressor activity.

Glossary Term

Transcriptome

The complete set of RNA transcripts that are produced by the genome, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

Pcr Terms

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Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1

Transforming growth factor beta-1 (390 aa, ~44 kDa) is encoded by the human TGFB1 gene. This protein is involved in cell proliferation, cell death and a large number of signal transduction pathways.

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