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Indicators
A type of antinuclear antibody that specifically targets double stranded DNA; while these antibodies are sometimes detectable in multiple different autoimmune disorders, their presence is generally considered highly specific for systemic lupus erythematosus.
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An autoantibody that reacts with cardiolipin. Different immunoglobulin subclasses and isotypes are associated with different diseases and conditions. Some anticardiolipin antibodies prolong phospholipid dependent clotting while others are associated with spontaneous abortion.
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The breakdown product of creatine, a constituent of muscle tissue, that is excreted by the kidney and whose serum level is used to evaluate kidney function.
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White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells.
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An essential aromatic amino acid in humans (provided by food), Phenylalanine plays a key role in the biosynthesis of other amino acids and is important in the structure and function of many proteins and enzymes. Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine, used in the biosynthesis of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitters. The L-form of Phenylalanine is incorporated into proteins, while the D-form acts as a painkiller. Absorption of ultraviolet radiation by Phenylalanine is used to quantify protein amounts. (NCI04)
Indicators
Prostate-specific antigen — a prostate tissue protein whose blood level rises in prostate cancer and in common benign conditions.
